Baron definition, a member of the lowest grade of nobility. Dictionary.com; Word of the Day; Translate; Games; Blog; Thesaurus.com; Favorites Dictionary.com. Close Welcome to BARON! Sign up for our newsletters to get all information on product releases, offers and other Baron news. Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen ( – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army. Baron is a title of nobility. In the kingdom of England, the medieval Latin word baro, baronis was used originally to denote a tenant-in-chief of the early Norman. Manfred von Richthofen - Wikipedia. This article is about the WWI flying ace. For other prominent members of his family, see Richthofen. Manfred von Richthofen. The word baron comes from the Old French baron, from a Late Latin baro 'man; servant, soldier, mercenary' (so used in Salic Law; Alemannic Law has barus in. Setting the standard in twin-engine aircraft design, Beechcraft’s high-performance Baron has long been associated with precision craftsmanship. Introducing Baron Lynx—a powerful combination of eye-catching daily graphics and precision storm tracking. See it at NAB Booth C7516! Welcome to Bridge Baron, the world's foremost computer bridge playing program. Consistently top ranked by the American Contract Bridge League. WELCOME TO BARON HOTELS & RESORTS EGYPT. Baron Hotels and Resorts is an independent hotel chain in Egypt operating since 1980 where you can experience luxury. Richthofen wears the Pour le M. Birth name. Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen. Nickname(s). He is considered the ace- of- aces of the war, being officially credited with 8. Originally a cavalryman, Richthofen transferred to the Air Service in 1. Jasta 2 in 1. 91. He quickly distinguished himself as a fighter pilot, and during 1. Jasta 1. 1 and then the larger unit Jagdgeschwader 1 (better known as the . By 1. 91. 8, he was regarded as a national hero in Germany, and respected and admired even by his enemies. Richthofen was shot down and killed near Amiens on 2. Baron & Baron: an acclaimed international advertising, packaging and branding agency specializing in luxury products. April 1. 91. 8. There has been considerable discussion and debate regarding aspects of his career, especially the circumstances of his death. He remains perhaps the most widely known fighter pilot of all time, and has been the subject of many books, films and other media. Name and nicknames. This name was used as the title of Richthofen's 1. His father was Major Albrecht Philipp Karl Julius Freiherr von Richthofen and his mother was Kunigunde von Schickfuss und Neudorff. He enjoyed riding horses and hunting as well as gymnastics at school. He excelled at parallel bars and won a number of awards at school. His interest in the Air Service had been aroused by his examination of a German military aircraft behind the lines. He is supposed to have written in his application for transfer, . At first we flew straight ahead, then the pilot turned to the right, then left. I had lost all sense of direction over our own aerodrome!. I didn't care a bit where I was, and when the pilot thought it was time to go down, I was disappointed. Already I was counting down the hours to the time we could start again.. Initially he appeared to be a below average pilot: he struggled to control his aircraft, and crashed during his first flight at the controls. Over Verdun on 2. April 1. 91. 6, he fired on a French Nieuport, downing it over Fort Douaumont. A week later, he decided to ignore more experienced pilots' advice against flying through a thunderstorm. He later noted that he had been . Boelcke, visiting the east in search of candidates for his newly formed fighter unit, selected Richthofen to join one of the first German fighter squadrons, Jagdstaffel 2. Richthofen discontinued his orders at this stage, rather than accept cups made from base metal. Typically, he would dive from above to attack with the advantage of the sun behind him, with other pilots of his jasta covering his rear and flanks. On 2. 3 November 1. Richthofen downed his most famous adversary, British ace Major Lanoe Hawker VC, described by Richthofen himself as . After a long dogfight, Hawker was shot in the back of the head as he attempted to escape back to his own lines. He switched to the Albatros D. III in January 1. January. Richthofen reverted to the Albatros D. II or Halberstadt D. II for the next five weeks. He was flying his Halberstadt when, on 6 March, in combat with F. E. 8s of 4. 0 Squadron RFC, his aircraft was shot through the fuel tank, probably by Edwin Benbow, who was credited with the victory. Richthofen was able on this occasion to force land without his aircraft catching fire. I, only 1. 9 of his 8. January 1. 91. 7, and in which he first earned his name and reputation. His brother, Lothar, is seated on the ground. Photographed 2. 3 April 1. In January 1. 91. Richthofen received the Pour le M. That same month, he assumed command of the fighter squadron Jasta 1. German pilots, many of whom he trained himself. Several later became leaders of their own squadrons. Ernst Udet (later Colonel- General Udet) belonged to Richthofen's group. At the time he became a squadron commander, Richthofen took the flamboyant step of having his Albatros painted red. Thereafter he usually flew in red- painted aircraft, although not all of them were entirely red, nor was the . In practice, red colouration became a unit identification. Other units soon adopted their own . In spite of obvious drawbacks from the point of view of intelligence, the German high command permitted this practice, and German propaganda made much of it. In that month alone he downed 2. British aircraft, including four in a single day. By June he had become the commander of the first of the new larger . These were highly mobile, combined tactical units that could move at short notice to different parts of the front as required. In this way, JG1 became . Unlike Boelcke, he led by example and force of will rather than by inspiration. He was often described as distant, unemotional, and rather humourless, though some colleagues contended otherwise. If you are fighting a two- seater, get the observer first; until you have silenced the gun, don't bother about the pilot. The system in the British army would have been for him to have held the rank appropriate to his level of command (if only on a temporary basis) even if he had not been formally promoted. In the German army, it was not unusual for a wartime officer to hold a lower rank than his duties implied, German officers being promoted according to a schedule and not by battlefield promotion. For instance, Erwin Rommel commanded an infantry battalion as a captain in 1. It was also the custom for a son not to hold a higher rank than his father, and Richthofen's father was a reserve major. Wounded in combat. Squadron RFC, near Wervicq, Richthofen sustained a serious head wound, causing instant disorientation and temporary partial blindness. The injury required multiple operations to remove bone splinters from the impact area. There is even a theory linking this injury with his eventual death. During his convalescent leave, Richthofen completed an autobiographic sketch, Der rote Kampfflieger (1. Written on the instructions of the . Ellis Barker was published in 1. The Red Battle Flyer. German propaganda circulated various false rumours, including that the British had raised squadrons specially to hunt down Richthofen and had offered large rewards and an automatic Victoria Cross to any Allied pilot who shot him down. Squadron, Royal Air Force. Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, as the nearest Allied air unit, assumed responsibility for the Baron's remains. In 2. 00. 9, Richthofen's death certificate was found in the archives in Ostr. Richthofen had briefly been stationed in Ostr. The document, which is a one- page, handwritten form in a 1. Richthofen's name as . Brown's attack was from behind and above, and from Richthofen's left. Even more conclusively, Richthofen could not have continued his pursuit of May for as long as he did (up to two minutes) had this wound come from Brown's guns. He fired at Richthofen's aircraft on two occasions: first as the Baron was heading straight at his position, and then at long range from the right. Given the nature of Richthofen's wounds, Popkin was in a position to fire the fatal shot, when the pilot passed him for a second time, on the right. It stated Popkin's belief that he had fired the fatal shot as Richthofen flew straight at his position. In the latter respect, Popkin was incorrect: the bullet that caused the Baron's death came from the side (see above). Sergeant Cedric Popkin is second from the right in the middle row. A 2. 00. 2 Discovery Channel documentary suggests that Gunner W. There is little support for this theory. Squadron AFC, Major David Blake, initially suggested that Richthofen had been killed by the crew of one of his squadron's R. E. 8s, which had also fought members of Richthofen's unit that afternoon. This claim was quickly discounted (if only because of the time factor) and withdrawn. Following an autopsy that he witnessed, Blake became a strong proponent of the view that an AA machine gunner had killed Richthofen. Theories about last combat. Further, he concurred with the rules of air fighting created by his late mentor Boelcke, who specifically advised pilots not to take unnecessary risks. In this context, Richthofen's judgement during his last combat was clearly unsound in several respects. This was supported by a 2. University of Texas. Richthofen's behaviour after his injury was noted as consistent with brain- injured patients, and such an injury could account for his perceived lack of judgement on his final flight: flying too low over enemy territory and suffering target fixation. One of the leading British air aces, Major Edward . One of the most popular of the French air aces, Georges Guynemer, went missing on 1. September 1. 91. 7, probably while attacking a two- seater without realizing several Fokkers were escorting it. This meant that Richthofen, heading generally westward at an airspeed of about 1. This was considerably faster than normal and he could easily have strayed over enemy lines without realizing it. This was part of Germany's last opportunity to win the war. In the face of Allied air superiority, the German air service was having difficulty acquiring vital reconnaissance information, and could do little to prevent Allied squadrons from completing effective reconnaissance and close support of their armies. No 3 Squadron AFC officers were pallbearers and other ranks from the squadron acted as a guard of honour during the Red Baron's funeral on 2. April 1. 91. 8. In common with most Allied air officers, Major Blake, who was responsible for Richthofen's body, regarded the Red Baron with great respect, and he organised a full military funeral, to be conducted by the personnel of No. Squadron AFC. The body was buried in the cemetery at the village of Bertangles, near Amiens, on 2. April 1. 91. 8. 3 Squadron's officers served as pallbearers, and a guard of honour from the squadron's other ranks fired a salute. In 1. 92. 5 von Richthofen's youngest brother, Bolko, recovered the body from Fricourt and took it to Germany. Baron - Wikipedia. Baron is a title of honour, often hereditary. The female equivalent is baroness. Etymology. The scholar Isidore of Seville in the 7th century thought the word was from Greek . Cornutus in the first century already reports a word barones which he took to be of Gaulish origin. He glosses it as meaning servos militum and explains it as meaning . Feudal landholders were entitled to style themselves baron if they were nobles; a roturier (commoner) could only be a seigneur de la baronnie (lord of the barony). These baronies could be sold freely until 1. The title of baron was assumed as a titre de courtoisie by many nobles, whether members of the Nobles of the Robe or cadets of Nobles of the Sword who held no title in their own right. The titles followed a male- only line of descent and could not be purchased. In 1. 81. 5, King Louis XVIII created a new peerage system based on the British model. Baron- peer was the lowest title, but the heirs to pre- 1. This peerage system was abolished in 1. Germany. The wife of a Freiherr (Baron) is called a Freifrau or sometimes Baronin, his daughter Freiin or sometimes Baroness. Families which had always held this status were called Uradel ('ancient nobility'), and were heraldically entitled to a three pointed coronet. Families which had been ennobled at a definite point in time (Briefadel or . These families held their fief in vassalage from a suzerain. The holder of an allodial (i. Free Lord, or Freiherr. Subsequently, sovereigns in Germany conferred the title of Freiherr as a rank in the nobility, without implication of allodial or feudal status. Today, as of 1. 91. Germany. In modern, republican Germany, Freiherr and Baron remain heritable only as part of the legal surname (and may thereby be transmitted by males to their wives and children, without implication of nobility). As opposed to this, hereditary titles have been banned completely in Austria. Thus, a member of the formerly imperial House of Habsburg or any other member of the former nobility would in most cases simply be addressed as . Still, in both countries, honorary styles like . As a result, German barons have been more numerous than those of such countries where primogeniture with respect to title inheritance prevails (or prevailed) as France and the United Kingdom. In Italy, barone was the lowest rank of feudal nobility except for that of signore or vassallo (lord of the manor). The title of baron was most generally introduced into southern Italy (including Sicily) by the Normans during the 1. Whereas originally a barony might consist of two or more manors, by 1. Since the early 1. Italian states, it has often been granted as a simple hereditary title without any territorial designation or predicato. The untitled younger son of a baron is a nobile dei baroni and in informal usage might be called a baron, while certain baronies devolve to heirs male general. Since 1. 94. 8 titles of nobility have not been recognised by the Italian state. In the absence of a nobiliary or heraldic authority in Italy there are, in fact, numerous persons who claim to be barons or counts without any basis for such claims. Baron and noble (nobile) are hereditary titles and, as such, could only be created or recognised by the kings of Italy or (before 1. Italian states such as the Two Sicilies, Tuscany, Parma or Modena, or by the Holy See (Vatican) or the Republic of San Marino. Beginning around 1. Nevertheless, both were common practices. In most of peninsular Italy the widespread medieval introduction of the title was Longobardic, while in Sicily and Sardinia it was coeval with Norman rule some centuries later, and one referred to the baronage when speaking of landed nobles generally. The heraldic coronet of an Italian baron is a jewelled rim of gold surmounted by seven visible pearls, set upon the rim directly or upon stems; alternately, the French style coronet (entwined in a string of small pearls, with or without four bigger visible pearls set upon the rim) is used. The Low Countries. Subsequently, the Habsburgs continued to confer the baronial title in the Southern Netherlands, first as kings of Spain and then, again, as emperors until abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, but these had become titular elevations rather than grants of new territory. In the Netherlands after 1. Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland) were usually recognized by the Dutch kings. But such recognition was not automatic, having to be authenticated by the Supreme Council of Nobility and then approved by the sovereign. This ceased to be possible after the Dutch constitution was revised in 1. More than one hundred Dutch baronial families have been recognized. The title is usually inherited by all males descended patrilineally from the original recipient of the title, although in a few noble families baron is the title of cadet family members, while in a few others it is heritable according to primogeniture. After its secession in 1. Belgium incorporated into its nobility all titles of baron borne by Belgian citizens which had been recognized by the Netherlands since 1. In addition, its monarchs have since created or recognized other titles of baron, and the sovereign continues to exercise the prerogative to confer baronial and other titles of nobility. Baron is the third lowest title within the nobility system above Chevalier/Ridder and below Viscount. There are still a number of families in Belgium that bear the title of baron. Luxembourg's monarch retains the right to confer the baronial title. Two of the grand duchy's prime ministers inherited baronial titles that were used during their tenures in office, Victor de Tornaco and F. Since the Middle Ages, each head of a noble family had been entitled to a vote in any of Finland's provincial diets whenever held, as in the realm's Herrainp. In 1. 56. 1, Sweden's King Eric XIV granted the hereditary titles of count and vapaaherra to some of these, but not all. Although their cadet family members were not entitled to vote or sit in the Riksdag, they were legally entitled to the same title as the head of the family, but in customary address they became Paroni or Paronitar. Theoretically, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, families elevated to vapaaherra status were granted a barony in fief, enjoying some rights of taxation and judicial authority. Their exemptions from taxes on landed properties continued into the twentieth century, although in the nineteenth century tax reforms narrowed this privilege. Nobility creations continued until 1. Finland's grand ducal monarchy. Muscovite Russia had no traditional baronial titles of its own; they were introduced in early Imperial Russia by Peter the Great. In the hierarchy of nobility introduced by Peter the Great, barons (. One was the Baltic German nobility, for which Russia merely recognized their pre- existing titles; the other was new barons created by the Emperors of Russia post 1. Like in many other countries, new baronial titles were often created by ennoblement of rich bourgeoisie. The title of baron, along with the rest of the noble hierarchy, was abolished in 1. February Revolution; however, certain leaders of the White movement like Baron Peter Wrangel and Roman von Ungern- Sternberg continued to use the title until the end of the Russian Civil War. In Spain the title follows Vizconde in the noble hierarchy, and ranks above Se. Baronesa is the feminine form, for the wife of a baron or for a woman who has been granted the title in her own right. In general, titles of baron created before the nineteenth century originate from the Crown of Aragon. Barons lost territorial jurisdiction around the middle of the nineteenth century, and from then on the title became purely honorific. Although most barons have not held the rank of grandeza as well, the title has been conferred in conjunction with the grandeza. The sovereign continues to grant baronial titles. United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. A female of baronial rank has the title baroness. In the kingdom of England, the medieval Latin word baro, baronis was used originally to denote a tenant- in- chief of the early Norman kings who held his lands by the feudal tenure of . Previously, in the Anglo- Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earl and in Scotland, the title of thane. All who held their feudal barony . Eventually the greatest of the nobles, especially those in the marches, such as the Earls of Chester or the Bishops of Durham, whose territories were often deemed palatine, that is to say . Under King Henry II, the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguished between greater barons, who held per baroniam by knight's service, and lesser barons, who held manors. Technically, Lords of Manors are barons, or freemen, however they are not entitled to be styled as such. John Selden in his esteemed work Titles of Honour writes, . And I have read hors de son Barony in a barr to an Avowry for hors de son fee) But also the Judges of the Exchequer have it from antient time fixed on them. Thus appeared a definite distinction, which eventually had the effect of restricting to the greater barons alone the privileges and duties of peerage. Following the Modus Tenendi Parliamenta of 1. Tenures Abolition Act 1. Feudal Tenure Act (1. Fines and Recoveries Act of 1. The Abolition Act 1. The rest ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage, that is to say under a . All appointees to this distinction have (thus far) been at the rank of baron. For example, Charles, Prince of Wales is also The Baron of Renfrew. Similarly, his eldest son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge is also The Baron Carrickfergus and Prince Andrew, Duke of York is The Baron Killyleagh. Some non- royal Barons are somehow related to the royal family, for example Maurice Roche, 6th Baron Fermoy is William's first cousin once removed, through William's late mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, who was the 4th Baron Fermoy's granddaughter.
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